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This page is part of the [[XQuery|XQuery Portal]].
Serialization parameters define how XQuery items and XML nodes will be ''serialized'' (i.e., returned to the client or an API, usually in textual form). The official parameters are defined in the [https://www.w3.org/TR/xslt-xquery-serialization-31 W3C XQuery Serialization 3.1] document. In BaseX, they can be specified by:
* including them included in the [[XQuery_3.0#Serialization|prolog of the XQuery expression]];* specifying them specified in the XQuery functions [[File_Module#file:write({{Function|File|file:write()]] or [[XQuery_3.0#Functions|fn:serialize()]]. The serialization parameters are specified as** children of an }}, {{CodeFunction|Database|&lt;outputdb:serialization-parameters/&gt;export}} element, as defined for the [https://www.w3.org/TR/xpath-functions-31/#func-serialize fn:serialize()] function, or as);** map, which contains all key/value pairs: <code>map { "method": "xml", "cdata-section-elements": "div", ... }</code>specified in [[REST#Parameters|REST query parameters]];* using the {{Code|-s}} flag of the BaseX specified in [[Command-Line OptionsRESTXQ#BaseX StandaloneOutput|command-lineRESTXQ output annotations]] clients;* setting set via the {{Option|SERIALIZER}} option before running a query;* setting set via the {{Option|EXPORTER}} option before exporting a database; or* setting them as supplied with the {{Code|-s}} flag of the BaseX [[RESTCommand-Line Options#ParametersBaseX Standalone|RESTcommand-line]] query parameters. Due to the wide range of ways how parameters can be supplied, we deliberately ignored one rule of the specification, which requires non-official features to be defined in a non-null namespace URI. In the following, we will indicate which features are specific to our implementationclients.
The namespace for serialization parameters is statically bound to the {{Code|output}} prefix. This means that it need not (but may) be declared in the query prolog:
<xml>Hi there</xml>
</syntaxhighlight>
 
Due to the wide range of ways how parameters can be supplied, we deliberately ignored one rule of the specification, which requires non-official features to be defined in a non-null namespace URI. In the following, we will indicate which features are specific to our implementation.
=Parameters=
| {{Code|item-separator}}
| Determines a string to be used as item separator. If a separator is specified, the default separation of atomic values with single whitespaces will be skipped.
| ''arbitrary stringsstring''| ''empty''
|- valign="top"
| {{Code|encoding}}
|- valign="top"
| {{Code|indent}}
| Adjusts Adds leading whitespaces to make the output better more readable.
| {{Code|yes}}, {{Code|no}}
| {{Code|yesno}} {{Announce|Default changed with Version 10}}
|- valign="top"
| {{Code|cdata-section-elements}}
| List of elements to be output as CDATA, separated by whitespaces.<br />Example: {{Code|&lt;text&gt;&lt;![CDATA[ &lt;&gt; ]]&gt;&lt;/text&gt;}}
| ''string''
|
|- valign="top"
|- valign="top"
| {{Code|standalone}}
| Prints or omits the "{{Code|standalone" }} attribute in the XML declaration.
| {{Code|yes}}, {{Code|no}}, {{Code|omit}}
| {{Code|omit}}
| {{Code|doctype-system}}
| Introduces the output with a document type declaration and the given system identifier.<br />Example: {{Code|&lt;!DOCTYPE x SYSTEM "entities.dtd"&gt;}}
|''string''
|
|- valign="top"
| {{Code|doctype-public}}
| If {{Code|doctype-system}} is specified, adds a public identifier.<br />Example: {{Code|&lt;!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN" "<nowiki>http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd</nowiki>"&gt;}}
| ''string''
|
|- valign="top"
| {{Code|media-type}}
| Specifies the media type.
| ''string''
| {{Code|application/xml}}
|- valign="top"
| {{Code|parameter-document}}
| Parses the value as XML document with additional serialization parameters (see the [https://www.w3.org/TR/xslt-xquery-serialization-31/#serparams-in-xdm-instance Serialization Specification] for more detailsand examples).| ''string''
|
|- valign="top"
| {{Code|use-character-maps}}
| Defines character mappings. May only occur in documents parsed with {{Code|parameter-document}}If mappings are supplied as single string, keys and values are separated by the equal sign, and multiple pairs are separated by commas. Separators that are to be defined as keys or values can be encoded as entities.<br />Example: <code>A=alpha,B=beta</code>| ''string''
|
|- valign="top"
=Character mappings=
Character maps allow a specific character in the instance of the data model to be replaced with a specified string of characters during serialization. The string that is substituted is output "as “as is," and the serializer performs no checks that the resulting document is well-formed. This may only occur in documents parsed with {{Code|parameter-document}}. If a character is mapped, then it is not subjected to XML or HTML escaping. For details , refer to section [https://www.w3.org/TR/2015/CR-xslt-xquery-serialization-31-20151217/#character-maps 11 Character maps] in the [https://www.w3.org/TR/xslt-xquery-serialization-31 W3C XQuery Serialization 3.1] document.
This example maps the Unicode U+00A0 NO-BREAK SPACE as &amp;#160; (without the serialization parameter, the Unicode character would be output):
=Changelog=
 
;Version 10.0
* Updated: {{Code|indent}}: Default changed from {{Code|yes}} to {{Code|no}}.
;Version 9.2
 
* Updated: New default value for {{Code|include-content-type}} is {{Code|yes}}.
;Version 8.4
 
* Added: Serialization parameter {{Code|binary}}.
* Updated: New serialization method <code>basex</code>. By default, items of binary type are now output in their native byte representation. The method <code>raw</code> was removed.
;Version 8.0
 
* Added: Support for {{Code|use-character-maps}} and {{Code|parameter-document}}.
* Added: Serialization method {{Code|adaptive}}.
;Version 7.8.2
 
* Added: {{Code|limit}}: Stops serialization after the specified number of bytes has been serialized.
;Version 7.8
 
* Added: {{Code|csv}} and {{Code|json}} serialization parameters.
* Removed: {{Code|separator}} option (use {{Code|item-separator}} instead).
;Version 7.7.2
 
* Added: {{Code|csv}} serialization method.
* Added: temporary serialization methods {{Code|csv-header}}, {{Code|csv-separator}}, {{Code|json-unescape}}, {{Code|json-spec}}, {{Code|json-format}}.
;Version 7.5
 
* Added: official {{Code|item-separator}} and {{Code|html-version}} parameter.
* Updated: <code>method=html5</code> removed; serializers updated with the [https://www.w3.org/TR/2013/WD-xslt-xquery-serialization-30-20130108/ latest version of the specification], using <code>method=html</code> and <code>version=5.0</code>.
;Version 7.2
 
* Added: {{Code|separator}} parameter.
;Version 7.1
 
* Added: {{Code|newline}} parameter.
;Version 7.0
 
* Added: Serialization parameters added to [[REST API]]; JSON/JsonML/raw methods.
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